BRICS is a group of emerging economies created to coordinate its members’ economic and diplomatic policies, found new financial institutions, and reduce dependence on the U.S. dollar, such as through establishing the New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) as alternatives to Bretton-Woods institutions. BRICS current has ten member states: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, the United Arab Emirates, and Indonesia.

Proportional representation is an electoral system that elects multiple representatives in each district, in proportion to the number of people who vote for each party. Districts are typically larger to accommodate more Congressional seats per district.

Comparatively, in First-past-the-post electoral systems, political parties compete for every district’s seat individually, and the party with the highest percentage of votes in that district wins its respective seat. Districts are typically smaller, with only 1-2 representatives per district

In recent years, a small number of institutional investor (e.g. big asset managing firms such as BlackRock and Vanguard) have accumulated large amounts of stocks in thousands of publicly traded companies through index funds. An index fund aims to copy the performance of a specific stock market index (like the S&P 500) by buying all (or most) of the stocks in that index. These firms, acting to represent many individual investors, often exercise voting rights on behalf of those investors, shaping corporate policy on issues ranging from corporate management to social responsibilities.